The following articles summarize many different types of problems commonly experienced in fossil and utility steam systems and their solutions. Jonas, Inc. offers several products to assist in troubleshooting many of these problems. Click here for more information.

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Steam Turbine Corrosion - Interrelations and interactions between the mechanical and thermodynamic design, material properties, and steam and deposit chemistry are discussed and recommendations and corrosion design rules and requirements pertinent to turbine corrosion are given.

Copper Deposition and MW Loss: Problem and Its Solutions - This paper gives information on the problem of copper deposition leading to MW and efficiency loss occurring in steam cycles and available solutions.

Steam Turbine Problems and Their Field Monitoring - This article describes typical turbine corrosion problems and the monitoring techniques used to predict, prevent, and troubleshoot them. The effects of corrosion on turbine efficiency are covered.

Designing Steam Cycles to Avoid Corrosion - Counterng corrosion in boilers, steam turbines, condensers, HRSGs, and other steam- or water-handling equipment is best done during the design phase.

Deaerator Corrosion: An Overview of Design, Operation, Experience, and R&D - Possible material, fabrication, design, and operation and water chemistry effects and stress courses are discussed in relation to deaerator and storage tank weld corrosion cracking.

Plant Alert: Don't Let Erosion-Corrosion Compromise Safety - Thinning of pipe walls and corrosion of other components in high-purity feedwater and steam systems can have catastrophic consequences. Take time to review the problem and apply some important preventive steps.

Control of Erosion-Corrosion of Steels in Wet Steam - The combined phenomenon reduces the integrity of piping and major cycle components, and is a prime contributor to sludge and crud buildup in both drum boilers and nuclear steam systems.

Corrosion and Water Chemistry Problems in Steam Systems - This paper summarizes problems and solutions identified during over 100 root cause analyses and plant audits of fossil fuel utility and industrial power plants, including combined cycle units.

Understanding Steam Cycle Chemistry - Chemical-transport characteristics are important in selecting a water treatment program, establishing chemistry control limits, managing the ingress and removal of impurities, and troubleshooting water treatment problems.

Cycle Chemistry Commissioning - Presents an outline of cycle commissioning guidelines and a brief description of selected case histories where delays of commercial operation and equipment damage resulted from insuffieient water chemistry-related commissioning.

Tight Control of Cycle Chemistry Key to Successful Commissioning - In any steam cycle, more damage can be initiated during pre-commissioning, commissioning, and early operation, than during the following years of normal operation.

Effective Cycle Chemistry Control - Background on water chemistry and corrosion is given and sources of impurities, selection of water treatment, transport of chemicals around the cycle, and the selection of sample points and monitored parameters are discussed.

Current Water Treatment Practices: Utility and Industrial Steam Systems - This article gives the technical basis for selection of water treatment programs and summarizes the common water treatments used in utility and industrial steam systems.

Water Chemistry and Corrosion - Missing Knowledge - This paper discusses the main water chemistry and corrosion processes and problems associated with steam generation which are not sufficiently understood.

Degassed Cation Conductivity Measurement - Discusses the measurement and interpretation of degassed cation conductivity (DCC). There are three designs available - each yielding different results.

Phosphate Hideout - Phosphate hideout can result in changes of pH, as well as the concentrations of phosphate and other chemical species in the boiler water.

EPRI ChemExpert: Cycle Chemistry Advisor for Fossil Power Plants - To help power plant operators and chemists to control cycle chemistry and corrosion, EPRI developed ChemExpert, an expert system based on EPRI Guidelines and experience.

Nitrogen Sparging and Blanketing of Water Storage Tanks - To protect steam generation and other water and steam-handling equipment against corrosion, the concentration of corrosive impurities must be low.

Condensation in Steam Turbines: New Theory and Data - New experimental data and theoretical considerations indicate that moisture droplet nucleation in steam turbines is a mixed heterogeneous-homogeneous mechanism and that steam chemistry has strong effects.

Sampling Savvy - Because power plant operating decisions often rely on water and steam chemistry information, a properly designed and operatedwater and steam sampling system must be in place to ensure accurate sampling data.

Development of a Steam Sampling System - Results of a two year research project, the objective of which was to develop and field test a sampling system for superheated steam in fossipl plants, are presented. The project included a survey of steam sampling priorities, a study of the role of particulate and scale magnetite in transporting steam impurities, analysis of deposition in steam sampling nozzles and tubing, development of design rules, and a construction and verification of the new sampling system.

QA/QC for Sampling and Analysis - Summary of common analytical and sampling errors, criteria for sampling, and a checklist for QA/QC procedures.

Monitoring of Steam Plants - Reviews the current state of monitoring water and steam chemistry, scale and deposits, and corrosion in steam plants.

Continuous Monitoring of Water Droplets in Natural Gas - To quantitatively determine the moisture content and size distribution of water droplets, a new type of test using a continuous inline Particle/Droplet Monitor was performed at the compressor station of the South Georgia Natural Gas Company.

Measuring Steam Impurities in a Geothermal Pipe Line System Using Real Time Instrumentation - To adequately analyze operational or design changes made to the steam gathering system, an accurate and on-line means of measuring the impurity levels is highly desired. This paper describes the method used at a California plant for monitoring and improving the purity of the steam delivered.

Instrument Monitors Steam and Air Blowing - A new instrument fulfills the need for direct in-line, on-line monitoring by electronically determining the impacts of individual contamination particles on a target probe permanently installed in the system to be cleaned.

Safety Issues in Fossil Utility and Industrial Steam Systems - summarizes current safety issues in fossil utility and industrial steam cycles. Only the already experienced problems associated with the water and steam handling equipment are included. There are other safety issues such as furnace explosions, fire hazards, coal and other fuel handling, electrical systems, lifting, transportation, and human errors which are not discussed here.

Importance of Leak Predictions - The scenarios include leak, break before leak, and break after leak. The final failure mode determines how catastrophic the failure is and the extent of the consequential damage.

New Procedure and Equipment for Precise Preloading of Valve Packings - Preloading consists of a packing compression step with hold time to allow plastic deformation, unloading, replacement of the hydraulic cylinders on the gland bolts with the original nuts, and the final pre-stressing to a pre-determined packing deformation measured with a gage.