QA/QC for Sampling and Analysis

<body topmargin=0 leftmargin=0 marginheight=0 marginwidth=0> <table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 border=0><tr> <td valign="top" colspan=2 height=100 BGCOLOR="#CCCCFF" TEXT="#080000" bgproperties="fixed" background="0d200640egdysm.jpg"> <div> <FONT SIZE="6" COLOR="#000066" FACE="Arial" ><B>Jonas, Inc.</B></FONT><FONT SIZE="5" COLOR="#000099" FACE="Arial" ><B> </B></FONT><FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#000099" FACE="Arial" ><B>   </B></FONT><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000099" FACE="Arial" ><B> |</B></FONT><B>     </B><A HREF="index.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Jonas, Inc."><U><B>Home</B></U></A><B> </B><B> </B><B>   </B><B> |    </B><A HREF="contact.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Contact Us"><U><B>Contact Us</B></U></A><B>                                           </B></div> <div> back to<B>  </B><A HREF="troubleshooting_resources.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Troubleshooting Resources / Technical Ar"><U><B>Troubleshooting Resources / Technical Articles</B></U></A><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000099" FACE="Arial" ><B> 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<div> <A HREF="monitoring_of_steam_plants.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Monitoring of Steam Plants"><U>Monitoring of Steam Plants</U></A></div> <div> <A HREF="sampling_savvy.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Sampling Savvy"><U>Sampling Savvy</U></A></div> <div> <A HREF="steam_sampling_system.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Development of a Steam Sampling System"><U>Development of a Steam Sampling System</U></A></div> <div> <B><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700c8ffcccc00.gif" HEIGHT="13" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">QA/QC for Sampling and Analysis</B></div> <div> <A HREF="current_water_treatment_practices.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Current Water Treatment Practices: Util"><U>Current Water Treatment Practices:  Utility and Industrial Steam Systems</U></A></div> <div> <A HREF="epri_chemexpert.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="EPRI ChemExpert: Cycle Chemistry Adviso"><U>EPRI ChemExpert:  Cycle Chemistry Advisor for Fossil Power Plants</U></A></div> <div> <A 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Analyses:</B></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700c800000000.gif" HEIGHT="13" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Incorrect analytical procedure</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700c800000000.gif" HEIGHT="13" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Analytical interferences</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700c800000000.gif" HEIGHT="13" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Poor technique</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700c800000000.gif" HEIGHT="13" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Degradation of reagents utilized in analyses</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700c800000000.gif" HEIGHT="13" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Improper sampling procedures</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700c800000000.gif" HEIGHT="13" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Contamination of the sample during collection and storage</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700c800000000.gif" HEIGHT="13" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Reaction of the sample with the sample container</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700c800000000.gif" HEIGHT="13" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Chemical reactions during sample storage</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700c800000000.gif" HEIGHT="13" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Organic growth of bacteria and algae in sample container</div> <bR> <div> <B>Typical Sampling Errors:</B></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700c800000000.gif" HEIGHT="13" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Sample withdrawal (not representing the sampled steam, not representing all phases)</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700c800000000.gif" HEIGHT="13" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Deposition in sample tubing</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700c800000000.gif" HEIGHT="13" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Chemical reactions in sample tubing or cooler</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700c800000000.gif" HEIGHT="13" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Deposition in the pressure reducing device</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700c800000000.gif" HEIGHT="13" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Dissociation of water in the pressure reducing device</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700c800000000.gif" HEIGHT="13" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Leakage of cooling water into the sample in the cooler</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700c800000000.gif" HEIGHT="13" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Corrosion of the sampling system - generation of corrosion products</div> <div> <B>Summary of Criteria for Sampling:</B></div> <div> <TABLE BORDER="2" CELLPADDING="1" CELLSPACING="1" WIDTH="521" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#C0C0C0" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" > <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 16 WIDTH="235"><div> <B>Sample</B></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="271"><div> <B>Criteria</B></div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 76 WIDTH="235"><div> Pressurized condensate and feedwater with representative sampling of particulates</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP><NOBR><div> Isokinetic Sampling Velocity</div> <div> Isokinetic Sampling Nozzle</div> <div> Velocity > 2 ft/s for 0.5-inch tubing</div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 33 WIDTH="235"><div> Drum boiler water from blowdown lines  or circulation pump manifold</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP><NOBR><div> Velocity > 2 ft/s for 0.5-inch tubing</div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 109 WIDTH="235"><div> Drum boiler water from a downcomer or blowdown</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="271"><div> Isokinetic sampling velocity</div> <div> Velocity of > 2 ft/s for 0.5 inch tubing if consistent with isokinetic sampling requirements</div> <div> Isokinetic sampling nozzles</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 46 ><NOBR><div> Saturated steam for steam leads</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="271"><div> Isokinetic sample velocity</div> <div> Isokinetic sampling nozzle</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 46 WIDTH="235"><div> Superheated steam </div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="271"><div> Isokinetic sample velocity</div> <div> Isokinetic sampling nozzle</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 96 ><NOBR><div> Condensate at subatmospheric pressure</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="271"><div> Velocity of > 2 ft/s for 0.5-inch tubing</div> <div> Large diameter sampling nozzles net positive suction head actual (NPSHA) greater than net positive suction head required (NPSHR) at all conditions</div> </tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <bR> <div> The following is a checklist for QA/QC procedures and the recommended times for their periodic application.  In new units or when the sampling and analytical systems are upgraded, all the checks should be covered during commissioning:</div> <bR> <div> <TABLE BORDER="2" CELLPADDING="1" CELLSPACING="1" WIDTH="598" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#C0C0C0" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" > <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP COLSPAN=3 HEIGHT= 19 WIDTH="584"><div> <I><B>Sampling System</B></I></div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 16 WIDTH="22"><div> 1.</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="314"><div> Check the sampling system</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="242"><div> Once a year</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 16 WIDTH="22"><div> 2.</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP><NOBR><div> Check the sampling system for deposits</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="242"><div> Every 3 years</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 16 WIDTH="22"><div> 3.</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="314"><div> Chemically clean sample tubing</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="242"><div> As needed</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 16 WIDTH="22"><div> 4.</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="314"><div> Check sample coolers for leaks</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="242"><div> Once a year</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 33 WIDTH="22"><div> 5.</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="314"><div> Check sample coolers for deposits</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="242"><div> When sample temperature or flow indicate a problem</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 33 WIDTH="22"><div> 6.</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="314"><div> Inspect sampling nozzles and valves for integrity and leaks</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="242"><div> Once a year</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 16 WIDTH="22"><div> 7.</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="314"><div> Inspect sampling nozzles for deposits</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="242"><div> As required</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 16 WIDTH="22"><div> 8.</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP><NOBR><div> Inspection clean, or replace sample line filters</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="242"><div> Every Instrument Calibration</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP COLSPAN=3 HEIGHT= 16 WIDTH="584"><div> <I><B>On-Line Analytical Instruments</B></I></div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 33 WIDTH="22"><div> 1.</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="314"><div> Consistency of data (pH vs. conductivity vs. NH3, anions vs. cation conductivity, etc.)</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="242"><div> Daily</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 16 WIDTH="22"><div> 2.</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="314"><div> Flow and temperature dependency</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="242"><div> Once a year</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 16 WIDTH="22"><div> 3.</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP><NOBR><div> Effects of sample line filters (total vs. filtered)</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="242"><div> Every 2 years</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 49 WIDTH="22"><div> 4.</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="314"><div> Calibration with Sample Synthesizer or a check against detail grab sample analysis or a check with a quality portable instrument</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="242"><div> Once a year</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 16 WIDTH="22"><div> 5.</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP><NOBR><div> Calibration records (before and after calibration)</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP><NOBR><div> Every calibration, review once a year</div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 33 WIDTH="22"><div> 6.</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="314"><div> Effects of sample lines - compare sample at the root valves vs. instrument panel</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="242"><div> Every five years</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 16 WIDTH="22"><div> 7.</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP><NOBR><div> Dissolved oxygen analyzers vs. Chemets</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="242"><div> Twice a year</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 16 WIDTH="22"><div> 8.</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP><NOBR><div> Cation conductivity ion exchange resin </div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="242"><div> Daily</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP COLSPAN=3 HEIGHT= 16 WIDTH="584"><div> <I><B>Grab Sample Analysis</B></I></div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 33 WIDTH="22"><div> 1.</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="314"><div> Check the laboratory procedures vs. ASTM or other standards</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="242"><div> Every 2 years</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 33 WIDTH="22"><div> 2.</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="314"><div> Intra-laboratory precision:  duplicate blind samples analyzed by 3 analysts</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="242"><div> Once a year</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 33 WIDTH="22"><div> 3.</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="314"><div> Inter-laboratory precision:  duplicate blind samples analyzed by 2 outside laboratories</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="242"><div> Once a year</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 46 WIDTH="22"><div> 4.</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="314"><div> Laboratory dilution (reagent) water analysis (no storage allowed)</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP><NOBR><div> Conductivity continuously</div> <div> Suspended solids twice a year</div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 33 WIDTH="22"><div> 5.</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="314"><div> Calibration of laboratory instruments</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="242"><div> As required by instrument vendor or at least once a month</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 33 WIDTH="22"><div> 6.</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="314"><div> Check of grab sampling procedures and containers (container materials, preparation, storage, etc.)</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="242"><div> Once a year</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 16 WIDTH="22"><div> 7.</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="314"><div> Laboratory audit</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="242"><div> Every 2 years</div> </tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <bR> <bR> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <IMG SRC="1a866430.gif" border=0 width="358" height="67" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <bR> </td> </tr></table></body>